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Determining the worth of miscellaneous old silver-plated flatware is a question that perplexes the general-line or occasional antique dealer. Individual pieces are seen at antique shows at prices as high as $75 to $150. Other individual pieces can be found in the junk box at the Goodwill store for a quarter each. As a specialist in American silver-plated flatware, I have spent more than 10 years learning how to evaluate flatware on the fly at shows, auctions and flea markets.

Suppose you are standing at a flea market looking at a pile of silverplated flatware. There's a lot of it, and the asking price is modest. Is it a good buy or not? It's a good buy if you can sell it at a profit without too much effort and a terrible buy if you are going to own it for the rest of your life.

Some of the guidelines that you can use to establish a quick minimum value for sterling silver do not apply to silver plate. The heavier piece, for example, does not necessarily have a greater minimum value than a lighter piece. The minimum value of silver plate depends, not on the scrap value of its materials, but on what someone will pay for it. What someone will pay is determined by three factors:

• the supply of and demand for the particular piece or pattern,

• the condition of the flatware,

• the type of buyer.

Supply and Demand

Production of silverplated flatware began in Connecticut in 1847. Connecticut continued to be a center of production, although considerable amounts were also produced in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Although some production continues today, silverplated flatware was most popular between about 1870 and 1950. During this period more than 2,000 patterns were introduced and a great variety of place and serving pieces were designed. Doris Snell, in her book American Silverplated Flatware Patterns, lists 200 collectible pieces of flatware, from A (almond scoop) to W (waffle knife). In between you have such wonders as asparagus tongs, crumb knives, and lettuce forks.

With such a variety of patterns and pieces, a buyer or seller of silverplated flatware needs some guidance to know what an individual piece may be worth. Many dealers turn to Tere Hagan's Silverplated Flatware: An Identification and Value Guide. Hagan rates each pattern on a five-point scale from "seldom collectible" to "most extremely collectible" and gives a value range for commonly found pieces. A teaspoon might be worth as little as $4 in the King Edward pattern (National Silver, 1951) or as much as $15 in the Moselle pattern (American Silver, 1906). A rarer piece in either pattern would be higher. For example, sugar tongs would be $10 in King Edward and up to $95 in Moselle. These are retail prices for pieces, in perfect condition with no monograms.

The information is helpful, but incomplete. Regional variations in demand exist Further, some patterns have what is called a "thin" market, that is, so few pieces are available to buy or sell that no reliable price levels can be established. In general, the most salable patterns are those which there is both a steady demand and reasonable supply.

Clearly then, to evaluate flatware you need to identify its pattern and its use. Several helpful references are listed at the end of this article. When you do find yourself at the flea market without a reference book, here are some general guidelines you can use:

• Check the mark. Certain marks denote quality, including anything by Gorham or Towle, the Oneida Community mark, and the 1847 Rogers Brothers mark by International Silver. Many reputable companies also made lower-quality plate with obscure marks like Vanity, Melody, Carlton. Avoid these unless you are sure of a demand for the pattern.

• Check the age. With a little experience handling flatware and studying reference books, you can learn to identify the period by the style of the pattern design. Collectors pay the most for patterns from the period between 1890 and 1910. Customers who are filling in inherited sets seem currently to be most interested in patterns from the 1930s through 50s.

• Is it fancy? Collectors like ornate patterns with lots of detail.

• Look for the less common pieces. Even in an uninteresting pattern, you will find demand for sets of ice cream forks or for the unusual like poultry shears, sugar sifters or long-handle pickle forks.

Condition Counts

Silverplated flatware is fragile, much-more fragile than sterling. Each piece is made up to two elements: the pure silver plating on top and the non-silver blank underneath. The pure silver which makes up the plate is much softer than sterling - the copper which is added to sterling makes it into a tougher alloy - so the surface of silverplate is more easily rubbed, scratched, or pitted. Damage to the plate is expensive to repair. Currently in Connecticut, I am paying up to $7 to replate a teaspoon. With a retail price range for teaspoons of $4 to $15, this is seldom profitable.

Damage to the blank - the base metal knife, fork, or spoon under the plate - is almost impossible to repair. Pieces with deep scratches, dented knife handles, worn down spoon edges, shortened or uneven tines cannot be sold at any price.

Tarnish is not damage. Tarnish may actually be protecting the surface, and you may come to admire the even, almost oily tarnish which may conceal a perfect surface underneath. Be suspicious, however, of an uneven tarnish. Spots or patches may reflect worn plate underneath. Flecks may be pits, that is, erosion through the plate and into the underlying blank. Use your fingertips to check surfaces and reject any which are rough.

Types of Buyers

Your flatware buyer may be a collector, but it is possible your buyer is a retail customer buying a set to use or supplementing an existing set. Your buyer may also be another dealer or wholesaler. - Generally collectors pay the highest prices, but they are picky. They want the unusual and they want the perfect. Some collectors collect by period. Currently, for example, I have customers looking for flatware in patterns from the aesthetic period of "Japanese taste," about 1875-1880. Other collectors like a pattern because of the range of interesting pieces that it offers. The Vintage pattern (1847 Rogers Bros., 1904) remains popular because it gives collectors the opportunity to look for the many interesting serving pieces made in it. Still other collectors like a design idea or theme. I have met grape collectors, strange serving piece collectors (the serving piece s were strange, not the collectors), and self-described "bowl freaks." Items sought by collectors can command high prices at antique shows, individual shops and malls.

This advertisement ran in 1945 with prewar patterns. Flatware production stopped during World War II. After the war, the silver companies reintroduced many of their prewar patterns and kept them into the 1950s. These are the patterns people are inheriting how.

A Practical Decision

Let's go back to the flea market where you have been considering the pile of flatware. A quick count reveals 50 pieces, and the asking price is $25. At 50 cents each, how can you lose? Before you start to dicker, look again. Reject three knives with dented handles, seven forks with scratched or worn down tines, a dozen teaspoons with heel wear, and a gravy ladle with a pit. The remaining 27 pieces are in fine to excellent condition. Reject the five pieces marked "Madrid," an obscure mark. That leaves 22 pieces.

You are now ready to look at the value of what you may be buying. Of the 22 pieces, six are bouillons in the same pattern. The pattern is unfamiliar but they seem to be from the 1920s and are marked Oneida Community. As a set they would retail for about $4 each and wholesale for about $2 each. Four forks are in the desirable Charter Oak pattern. They will retail for $8 or more each and wholesale for about $5. Ten miscellaneous teaspoons would retail for about $3 each or wholesale for about $1 That leaves you with two serving pieces: a sugar shell and a pastry server. Both are unknown patterns, but the sugar shell has a very fancy bowl with a flower in it, while the pastry server is clearly a pre-1890 design with an engraved blade. Since it is ornate, the sugar will retail for at least $6 (more if a collectible pattern), while a pastry server from this period retails for $20 or more, again depending on the particular pattern. Wholesale would be about half that.

Although we have recognized only one pattern, we have used our knowledge of flatware to establish a wholesale value for the pile of about $55 and a retail value about $112.

Is this flatware a good buy at $25? How much you will make depends on what you think your time is worth. To realize full retail value will require polishing, taking the flatware to shows and contacting customers by mail or telephone. Even so, the teaspoons and the bouillons move slowly. As a worst case, assume you can wholesale the Charter Oak forks and at least one of the serving pieces almost immediately. Since this would return your investment, your only risk then will be how much time and effort it will require to make a profit.

Recommended References

Silverplated Flatware: An Identification Guide by Tere Hagan, Fourth Edition, 1990. Large format paperback with clear line drawings of the patterns and very good indexes. Available from Collector Books, P.O. Box 3009, Paducah, KY 42002-3009. $14.95 plus $2 postage and handling.

Silver-Plated Flatware Patterns by Fredna Davis and Kenneth Deibel, Second Edition, 1981. Hardbound book with line drawings of the patterns and reproductions of interesting documentary materials. Available from Bluebonnet Press, Exchange Park, Dallas, TX 75233. $35 plus $1.75 postage and handling.

American Silverplate by Dorothy T. and H. Ivan Rainwater. Hardbound history of silver plate with color illustrations, linecuts, black and white photographs. Available from Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1469 Morstein Rd., West Chester, PA 19380. $37.50 plus shipping.